Aiming for Grade 4 LOs:

• State that waves can transfer energy and information without the transfer of matter.
• Identify waves as either transverse or longitudinal.
• Identify waves as either mechanical or electromagnetic.

Aiming for Grade 6 LOs:

• Investigate wave motion through a spring model.
• Compare transverse and longitudinal waves in terms of direction of vibration and propagation.
• Compare electromagnetic and mechanical waves in terms of the need for a medium.

Aiming for Grade 8 LOs:

• Explain the features of a longitudinal wave in terms of compressions and rarefactions by using a particle model.
• Discuss the features of a transverse wave in terms of particle or field behaviour.
• Compare mechanical waves and their particulate nature with electromagnetic waves and their field oscillations.